"At The Middle of 'Manifestation"
The
Uncertain Cosmos
On the occasion of celebrated century year of Albert
Einstein's General theory of Relativity (1915)
Evolution!, sounds always as the forward timely cosmic consequence
that had put us to think as our own ancestors were actually the apes. If we do
glance the study that was undertook by our forefathers, we can conclude our
ancestors were certainly the apes. Many theories predict the evolution of
mankind, Charles Darwin's 'Theory of evolution', for example, holds dominance
among many.
Similarly
we have been already put behind with many theories those explain about the
birth of the Universe. 'The Big Bang Theory' is to be accepted the most
prominent among the many. The Big Bang Theory has been put forward to study the
evolution of the universe. How much we can bank our belief on so-called
evolution explaining theories? Moreover the theories all explained are as if
just rewinding the life cycle much like running the videotape in backward. But
could we take it for grant? It is much similar like measuring the age of a tree
by its annual ring counts. Here we have a physical proof, the annual rings. Similarly
the age of the universe is also measured in the same manner that is, to say, by
running the universe backward from the current state to the time of Big Bang.
But we don't find any meticulous proof in the either case.
Indeed, from the theory of relativity, along with the most profound theory in
the world of Astrophysics, the Hubble's law. Both theories combined together
conclude us that the universe has had been started with the infinite space
curvature (Well General Theory of Relativity comprises the gravitational
constant which is, however states that the universe has been static but not
expanding), a densely intensified space curvature where all the matter in the
universe is densely packed up in a single point called the singularity and
expanded drastically with an intense cosmic blast called the Big Bang. Ever
since the Big Bang explosion took place the universe is expanding. Let me
outline the concept in brief, the Big Bang explosion happened, the universe was
formed with planets, stars and other heavenly bodies and even galaxies were
formed from the dust, cloud of gases and fundamental elements, precisely the
particle. The Big Bang which was intensified within a point like form called singularity.
And eventually all the manifested heavenly bodies were being formed with
initial and boundary conditions. In 1920's Astrophysicist Edwin Hubble observed
that the planets, perhaps the galaxies were speeding apart from the earth
itself. Moreover, in fact calculations he did were accordingly to the relative
distances between galaxies. Where according to the results obtained, galaxies were
not only accelerating away from us (earth) with and also he concluded with
mysterious that the farther the planet/galaxy were faster they were accelerated
from one another. The whole observations were concluded by keeping the Doppler
shift as foundation. Hubble concluded, from his all observations and
calculations that the universe is expanding, in other sense the universe has
been accelerated. That means to say the space itself is expanding.
(Image courtesy: Google images)
Initial and Boundary Conditions:
Most physicist nowadays quote the universe as a balloon or a
soap-bubble and we live on the extreme curvature of it. Obviously when the
soap-bubble/balloon (on considering it similar to the space curvature of the
universe) is blown, it is much similar as if the space is expanding i.e the two
marked points on balloon start expanding when it is blown, and moving away from
each other. Now here is no issues, everything is perfect, the expanding
balloon resembles the expanding universe and the two relatively dotted marks on
balloon which are being apart resembles the planets and galaxies moving faraway
from one another.
From above all paradigms we may in some sort conclude
that from a thought experiment as explained bellow:
Now, consider an empty box (mostly
vacuum) of size 1*1 foot place an empty balloon in it that is to be blown. When
it is blown it expands until it reaches the volume of the box, in other sense
the balloon after blown will expand till reaches the vicinity of the box. No
further expansion of balloon is observed indeed. This is to be the boundary
condition of the universe as we don't have even an idea about the halt of
universe. How must one can state its boundary conditions. In fact, if universe
is expanding till now, then does the apace hasn't reached its boundary yet? or
does actually universe possesses the so-called boundary condition nor
does it keep on moving regardless with the Time.
Let us consider two cases namely the macro universe and the micro
universe. Now consider the first case.
The
macro universe:
As it describes the universe that we observe and beyond our reach, precisely
the heavenly physical universe, the stars the planets and the galaxies. As in
our ancient times we are just amazed what would have been our own solar system
and in mean time what it was up to. And in more recent years we are capable of
predicting the existence of the parallel universes, multiverse and the
higher dimension among the space as well, which are not reachable to our own
scientific comprehension, which are beyond the chaos among the space. In a word
it may be called the coherent dimensions of space.
Space a dominant aspect among of the macro universe perhaps comes next, the
hypothetical models that could explain the giant nature of the universe like
its expansion initial and boundary conditions. And the newly added members of
discussion, the dark matter, dark energy as well, to mention.
As the voyage by the ever
since man-made satellite, the voyager which is crossed our own solar system and
still it is on its march. Yet, we are not certain about the initial and
boundary conditions but, however we do have some mathematical conjectures
those could explain the Initial and boundary conditions of cosmos. The Hubble
and the very most recently launched space telescope which is named after the
Johannes Kepler, the “Kepler” telescopes are working with full on effort
in search of the planets or solar system resembling our own. To write it in a
precise sentence, we are in search of the human life beyond our habitable
planet earth. Well from common expedition we have been coming up with
acknowledgement from so mentioned giant telescope floating in space revolving
the earth is that we are finding more and more chaos within the observable
universe to mankind. Indeed, they may have too far than they are measured
distance and their noted physical conditions. Yes of course, we can be said so,
as the distance is too far from us that the light has to travel too long to
reach us so. And in consequence the changes has happened are so certain.
Kepler has been set its eyes to find out earth
like planets far and far away from our home planets day by day we are
(Astrophysicists)are coming with the more and more findings of stars planets,
stars and even the galaxies and their natural satellites which are being in Goldie
Zone (the distant area within which can a planet be in habitable zone)
"KOI (Kepler Object of Interest) 701" (Also known as Kepler-62e-exoplanet
and kepler-62f-exoplanet) is found very recently by the Kepler. (more
info and source link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-62
Some
brief details of above mentioned exoplanet is given bellow.
Kepler – 62e exoplnet: A super earth like planet in a ‘Goldie zone’ (a
habitable zone) in 18th april 2013, of a star smaller and cooler
than the sun located about 12000 light years from earth in the constellation Lyra.
From all the scientific expeditions,
we usually think that our universe is vast nearly contains the endless
collection of the stars and galaxies. What if our universe is just one of many
could we live in multiverse or one with parallel universe? Containing
other galaxies and possibly other earths? It isn’t a just a question of science
fiction. Many physicists are taking this question pretty seriously mainly
to mention to the string theory which was an unsung theory that was
published in 1960’s and got eye catch of almost all the theoretical physicists
from very recent years (More source after String Theory can be found online,
and also will be explained in coming blogs). To quote in a single phrase the
String Theory is a theory attempting to accomplish the goal of unification,
i.e. The Unified theory, that combines the two theories in the world those
governs the universe, The General Theory of Relativity and Quantum Mechanical
theory. And physicists do believe that the string theory could explain the
physical nature of the universe indeed, and hence forth the emergence of the
parallel universe and multiverse.
From the string theory explains and most theoretically believed multiverse
models are as follows:
1.
The Inflationary multiverse
2.
The Quilted multiverse
3.The
Quantum multiverse, and
4.The
Brain multiverse.
(Courtesy:
Nova: 4 multiverse You might be living in)
Among above all, The Inflationary Multiverse and Quilted Multiverse are proven
experimentally (will be explained in upcoming blogs) and we (the theoretical
physicists) are yet to figure out the proof for other two models, The Quantum
Multiverse and The Brain Multiverse. And yet we are onto compensating the
proven multiverse. There we are, null conclusions that have been facing again
and again from newer theories as we are through with the older one. Mean to
say, we are not precise about our macro universe after ages of expeditions and
theories.
Micro
Universe:
For every physicists at some time for sure they come up with the question what
would be the very basic fundamental building block of matter and of course it
is most "must FAQ been nowadays. Indeed in the early 20th century everyone
was set their interest on subatomic level when J. J Thomson found the
'electron', a sub atomic particle charged negatively perhaps by its mysterious
nature the electron itself dragged almost all the experimental physicists and
theoretical physicists as well.
From the Newton’s assumption comes
the mathematics which has given us the buildings, machine guns, bridges and the
spacecrafts, is based on idea that the space is continuous. In another way we
could travel in on to any level we wish to like and without seeing it break up
into pixels. If you hold your two fingers, say 1 cm apart, you may from your
comprehension be able to measure it as 1 cm or 1×10-2 meters. Let’s
assume that the subject is the hydrogen atom. The electron orbit resembles much
like our own solar system. It seems, as per our perspective the matter is
packed as if we have a strong solid. But as said earlier if we travel in on to
deeper level, mean to say, at the microscopic level, an electron revolve around
the nucleus in a circular, fixed energy states or level called orbit, as from
the Neil Bhor’s model (model excepted universally). The distance between the
energy levels (electron orbit) is much more than we perceive at our common
view. If we believe that there is a continuous space, from Newtonian mechanics
or classical mechanics, between those electron and nucleus, then we believe
that there is a bunch of infinite points between the electron and the nucleus.
That’s completely unreasonable. So what is space then? And what are particles
composed of?
Sub atomic particles, yes, indeed the atom, perhaps the nucleus is sub divided
into many and many subatomic particles when we travel in on to the deeper level
of micro universe. In fact the quantum mechanics predicts that we are bound by
the quantum wave functions that guide the entire micro universe. The wave
function predicted by the quantum realm applied to electronics makes us to take
the physics into the philosophical underneath to conclude whether the building
block for modern computing era, the electron is in fact a wave or
particle. If electron is particle, then particle of what, if it’s a wave,
then wave of what function. In a single instance it seems that we have entered
into scientific relevant philosophical standpoint, that never been given a
particular definition. Instead, we are been set our own sail to understand the
fundamental building block responsible for all the matter underneath the
manifestation.
Quantum mechanics indeed is the great development of early twentieth century.
In fact the mechanics from its owed theoretical conjectures and experimental
conclusions from all over the world describes the tiniest building block of the
manifestation. In fact the particle which is been dominant over all the remaining
aspect, and which every part of our day-to-day life is wrap up with, like from
LCD, LED and NEON signboards to the MAGNETICALLY LEVITATED TRAINS (maglev
trains), MRI SCANNING MACHINE, THE LASER and many are governed by the Electron.
The electron in the world is nothing but the hybrid of the ball and the wave,
the waviticle (WAVe parTICLE) properties, in olden days electrons are intended
to implement in analog circuitry, revolutionized with the analog technology by
the help of wave nature of electron, and after once the electron has been took
into consideration as a particle and again there was a revolution of the
digital world. Perhaps we, as a perspectives welcomes electron as a hybrid of
two, wave and particle nature.
Indeed Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, a consequence quantum mechanics, we
cannot conclude the position and velocity of an electron simultaneously. That
mean to say is the we cannot predict the existence of electron at an instance,
either the velocity at a time. There is always will be an uncertainty in the
measurement. A further development in Quantum mechanics tells us that the
electron can exist at any position at a time with probability. Let suppose you
have a particle and you are being insisted to measure the position ‘ᵡ’ and
to measure its momentum too ‘p’. the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
concludes us with that the more we are intended you are about the position of
the particle the less precise you can be about momentum of particle
and indeed vice versa. Now, say, momentum to good degree of accuracy your
uncertainty about position increases. It’s not that particle is somewhere
definite but you just don’t know where, rather the particle is, in some sense,
in many locations at once. ‘Δᵡ’ for the uncertainty in position and
‘ΔΡ’ for the uncertainty in momentum, the principle is encapsulated by the
inequality.
Δ ᵡ × ΔΡ ≥h/(4*pi)
Here
ɦ is planks constant. Which is ɦ=6.62606957 × 10-10 m2
kg/s.
But
the inequality shows that Δx and ΔΡ cannot simultaneously become
arbitrarily small.
After the invent of the electron every physicist were raced
to the level of atomic and sub atomic, moreover these levels were hidden
mysterious to the scientists of the time. The photon and neutron of the nucleus
were found during latter times were the point of attraction as everyone thought
that by making apart or breaking them down would reveal the building block of
the matter. As the time went on a new branch of physics emerged having intended
to find the fundamental particle which could make up all the matter, the
manifestation ultimately the Universe.
To define in a conventional way, the particle are divided into three categories
literally the Standard Model(SM) of the elementary particle that makes up the
universe and they are as follows:
According to the basis of a model all the
elementary particles should be massless. And the model explains how these
particles attain the mass, and the model is called as Higgs Mechanism. So,
finally we come with the very recently discovered Higgs Bosons.
(Image
source: CMS LHC Geneva Switzerland )
As we travel deeper into the atomic and sub atomic level, our intention to find
the fundamental building block revert us to find more and more sub atomic
particles instead. And, yes, of course not, the fundamental one. New theories
that are been set on stage are the dark energy and dark matter. Astrophysicists
quote from very most recent findings that empty space is not the empty as
we see it, but, invisible matter, unpredictable for our general concise and very
true in transience.
Considering the Higgs boson as fundamental
particle the empty space between the electron orbit and around the
nucleus of the atom still remains mysterious as considering from Bhor atomic
model. In other words, we after all finding more and more sub atomic particles,
the gap between (must say empty) the electron orbit and nucleus remains unreasoned.
However we are still lagging to understand why, the atom is almost empty .
Eventually the whole universe is empty.
The
smallest length:
Something curious happens when you try to combine quantum mechanics with
relativity. To explore a region of space you need to send in a probing particle
(typically a photon, a particle of light) and observe how that scatters
off whatever objects are inside the region. Now if the region ‘R’ is
tiny, with a very small diameter Δᵡ, then as a consequence of Heisenberg’s
uncertainty principle your probing particle’s momentum is "spread"
over a large range ΔΡ which includes very large momentum. But a large momentum
means a lot of energy and energy is related to mass by Einstein’s famous
equation
Where
E is energy, m is mass and c is the speed of light.
So localizing a particle in a very small region means concentrating a lot of
mass over there. If the region ‘R’ is sufficiently small — if Δᵡ is
below a certain critical value — then the mass of the probing particle is so
great that a black hole forms and swallows both ‘R’ and whatever is
inside it. The crucial size is given by something called the Planck length:
it’s 10-35 meters. This is unimaginably small, but nevertheless it’s
not zero, so anything sufficiently small is, according to this thought
experiment, forever hidden from view.
This concludes us that at bellow Planck scale it makes no sense to talk about
distances and length. But does it mean that we just can’t see anything smaller
than the Planck length, or that something smaller does not exist? As a
consequence space itself can be thought of as made of individual units, of
Plank-length ‘atoms’; you cannot simply can’t zoom in on it any closer. “I
think we have a good reason to believe that space-time is made of atoms. If you
hold your fingers those 10cm apart, there is a large number of physical points
between them, but not infinity of them.
The reasoning that gave us the shortest length came from a naive attempt to
combine relativity with quantum mechanics. It turns out, however, that such a
naive attempt soon runs into trouble, giving rise to contradictions and
non-sensual predictions. Physicists have not yet found a fully-fledged theory
of quantum gravity. There are exotic contenders, for example string theory and loop
quantum gravity. "String theory and loop quantum gravity agree that
there is this fundamental scale, but there are other approaches which don't
exploit this predictions."
But can we test the idea experimentally? First of all we should be clear that
short means really short, there is the same ratio between our size and the size
of a proton as there is between the size of a proton and the Planck length. It
is tiny. Probing anything approaching the Planck length requires energies that
go way beyond what current technology permits.
“I think that if one day we will see the signature of the discreteness of
space-time this will be in cosmology," says Vidotto. A theoretical
physicist from Cape town, "Such discreteness may have left a small imprint
in the Cosmic microwave background (the left-over radiation from the Big Bang)
from which we extract information about the seeds of the structures that we
observe in the Universe today; stars, galaxies, clusters of galaxies and so on.
Maybe one day we will be able to understand how these seeds arose as a direct
result of quantum discreteness."
There is also a remote possibility that help may come from the other end of the
Universe. The supposed atomic structure of space-time may modify the speed of
light. By observing light that has travelled across vast distances from the
furthest reaches of the visible Universe, we may be able to detect the
resulting time delay. "We have the technology to do this," says Vidotto.
"A few years ago the MAGIC TELESCOPE did measure such a time delay."
But one measurement is not sufficient to draw hard and fast conclusions,
especially since the physical processes involved are not yet fully understood.
From above all the discussion we come up again at the level of micro
universe that we are not been able to trace down the fundamental existence
of nature perhaps the matter or the manifestation, we may call at micro level,
and eventually the whole universe. we aren't concluding our own presence, our
own existence at a strong stake as because of the uncertainty resulting from
physical experiments that shows again and again the emptiness covered the
entire Universe. We can put it as if we are totally uncertain about the micro
universe (universe at micro level) and the macro universe (universe at macro
level) indeed about our own existence on this universe.From all the measures
and acceptance, the macro and micro universe are almost all are being beyond
our reach, theoretically and experimentally. Not even having a single thread of
evident of our own existence on this universe as comrade tug of war between the
Macro Universe and Micro Universe. We, the Human beings are setting flag
achieving milestones in both the micro and macro universal, conceptual has been
still wandering about their own existence as we are also however described
physically and biologically splendid of the physically manifestations and we
always stay imbibe and can have a saying as we are “AT THE MIDDLE OF
MANIFESTATION”
